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Will the Government Shutdown Again in February 2019 Reddit

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Cessation of "non-essential" regime services in the United States due to a funding lapse

Government shutdowns in the United States occur when there is a failure to enact funding legislation to finance the authorities for its adjacent fiscal year or a temporary funding measure. E'er since a 1980 interpretation of the 1884 Antideficiency Human activity, a "lapse of appropriation" due to a political impasse on proposed cribbing bills requires that the The states federal government curtail agency activities and services, close downwardly non-essential operations, furlough not-essential workers, and only retain essential employees in departments roofing the prophylactic of human life or protection of property.[1] Voluntary services may merely be accepted when required for the safety of life or property.[ane] Shutdowns can as well occur inside and disrupt state, territorial, and local levels of government.

Since the enactment of the United states regime'southward electric current budget and appropriations procedure in 1976, there have been a total of 22 funding gaps in the federal budget, ten of which have led to federal employees beingness furloughed. Prior to 1980, funding gaps did not lead to authorities shutdowns, until Attorney Full general Benjamin Civiletti issued a legal opinion requiring the authorities to be shut down when a funding gap occurs.[ii] This opinion was not consistently adhered to through the 1980s, simply since 1990 all funding gaps lasting longer than a few hours have led to a shutdown.

Some of the most meaning shutdowns in U.S. history take included the 21-day shutdown of 1995–1996 during the Bill Clinton administration over opposition to major spending cuts; the xvi-day shutdown in 2013 during the Barack Obama administration caused by a dispute over implementation of the Affordable Care Human action (ACA);[iii] and the 35-twenty-four hour period shutdown of 2018-2019 during the Donald Trump assistants, the longest shutdown in US history,[4] caused by a dispute over the funding amount for an expansion of the U.Southward.–Mexico border barrier.[5] [half-dozen]

Shutdowns crusade the disruption of government services and programs, including the closure of national parks and institutions (in particular, due to shortages of federal employees). A major loss of authorities acquirement comes from lost labor from furloughed employees who are however paid, also equally loss of fees that would have been paid during the shutdown. Shutdowns likewise crusade a meaning reduction in economic growth (depending on the length of the shutdown). During the 2013 shutdown, Standard & Poor'due south, the financial ratings agency, stated on October 16 that the shutdown had "to date taken $24 billion out of the economy", and "shaved at least 0.6 percent off annualized quaternary-quarter 2013 Gdp growth".[seven]

Federal authorities [edit]

Overview [edit]

Under the separation of powers created by the United states of america Constitution, the appropriation and command of government funds for the U.s.a. is the sole responsibility of the United States Congress. Congress begins this process through proposing an appropriation nib aimed at determining the levels of spending for each federal department and government plan. The finalized version of the bill is then voted upon past both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Subsequently it passes both chambers, it proceeds to the President of the Us to sign the bill into law.

Authorities shutdowns tend to occur when there is a disagreement over budget allocations earlier the existing cycle ends. Such disagreements can come up from the President – through vetoing any finalized cribbing bills they receive – or from ane or both chambers of Congress,[8] [ix] often from the political party that has control over that chamber. A shutdown can be temporarily avoided through the enactment of a continuing resolution (CR), which can extend funding for the regime for a prepare period, during which time negotiations tin can be made to supply an appropriation bill that all involved parties of the political deadlock on spending can concur upon. However, a CR tin be blocked by the same parties if there are issues with the content of the resolution bill that either political party has a disagreement upon, in which example a shutdown will inevitably occur if a CR cannot be passed by the House, Senate or President. Congress may, in rare cases endeavor to override a presidential veto of an cribbing nib or CR, but such an deed requires there to be majority support of ii-thirds of both chambers.

Initially, many federal agencies continued to operate during shutdowns, while minimizing all nonessential operations and obligations, believing that Congress did not intend that agencies shut down while waiting for the enactment of almanac appropriations acts or temporary appropriations. Yet, Chaser General Benjamin Civiletti issued two opinions in 1980 and 1981, that more strictly interpreted the Antideficiency Deed in the context of a funding gap, forth with its exceptions. The opinions stated that, with some exceptions, the head of an agency could avoid violating the Act only by suspending the bureau's operations until the enactment of an appropriation. In the absenteeism of appropriations, exceptions would be immune only when there is some reasonable and articulable connectedness between the part to be performed and the condom of human life or the protection of property.[10] However, even later on the Civiletti opinions, non all funding gaps led to shutdowns. Of the nine funding gaps between 1980 and 1990, only iv led to furloughs.[11]

Shutdowns of the type experienced by the U.s.a. are nearly impossible in other forms of government:

  • Under the parliamentary systems used in near European and Asian nations, stalemates within the authorities are much less likely, as the executive head of authorities (i.e. the prime minister) must be a member of the legislature bulk, and must maintain the approving of the legislature to remain in power (confidence and supply). Typically a legislature is suspended if a budget fails to pass (loss of supply), and the head of government must resign. And then the head of state may either engage another member of legislature who can garner majority support, or dissolve the legislature and conduct fresh full general elections.
  • In other presidential systems, the executive branch typically has the authorisation to keep the authorities operation even without an approved budget.[12]

Effects [edit]

Units of the National Park System airtight during the 2013 federal authorities shutdown. Shown here is the National Mall.

While government shutdowns prior to the 1995–1996 shutdowns had very balmy effects, a full federal regime shutdown causes a big number of civilian federal employees to be furloughed. During a government shutdown, furloughed authorities employees are prohibited from fifty-fifty checking their electronic mail from home. To enforce this prohibition, many agencies require employees to return their government-issued electronic devices for the duration of the shutdown.[13]

Because of the size of the government workforce, the effects of a shutdown can be seen in macroeconomic data. For case, with payment delayed to i.three million workers, and 800,000 employees locked out,[14] confidence in the chore market place decreased but recovered inside a month of the 2013 shutdown,[15] [16] and GDP growth slowed 0.1–0.2%.[fourteen] Nevertheless, the loss of GDP from a shutdown is a bigger sum than it would price to proceed the government open.[17]

Notwithstanding, the complete effects of a shutdown are oft clouded by missing information that cannot be nerveless while specific regime offices are closed.[xiv]

Additionally, some effects of the shutdown are difficult to straight measure out, and are thought to cause residual impacts in the months following a shutdown. Some examples include destroyed scientific studies, lack of investment, and deferred maintenance costs.[18] [19] The length of the 2018–2019 shutdown concise safety and police force enforcement investigations, caused air travel delays equally essential workers stopped showing up, close down some facilities for Native Americans and tourists, and delayed regulatory approvals and immigration hearings for non-detainees.

The exact details of which government functions cease during a shutdown is adamant by the Office of Management and Upkeep.[20]

What stays open up [edit]

  • "Emergency personnel" continue to be employed, including the agile duty (Title 10) armed forces, federal law enforcement agents, doctors and nurses working in federal hospitals, and air traffic controllers.[20]
  • Members of Congress continue to be paid, because their pay cannot be contradistinct except by direct police.[21]
  • Mail delivery is not affected as it is self-funded and the funds are not appropriated past Congress.[22]
  • Sometimes the Washington, D.C. municipal authorities remains open. For case, during the 2013 shutdown, the city remained open up because mayor Vincent C. Grayness declared the entire municipal government to be essential.[23]

What shuts downwardly [edit]

  • For the Department of Defense, at to the lowest degree half of the civilian workforce, and the full-time, dual-status military technicians in the Us National Guard and traditional Guardsmen (those on Title 32 condition) are furloughed and not paid while the shutdown is in effect.[24] [25]
  • Programs that are funded past laws other than annual appropriations acts (like Social Security) may too be affected past a funding gap, if plan execution relies on activities that receive annually appropriated funding.[10]
  • Sometimes parts of the Washington, D.C. municipal government close down, closing schools and suspending utilities such every bit garbage drove.[26]

Arguments for and against [edit]

During the 2013 shutdown, the moral philosopher Peter Singer argued in Slate, that shutdowns were evidence that the U.S. Constitution'south separation of powers constituted "a fundamental flaw."[27]

In 2019, following the finish of the 2018–nineteen shutdown, Michael Shindler argued in The American Bourgeois that shutdowns protect pop sovereignty. He writes, "No other political phenomena so forcefully and dramatically obliges the whole people to recognize that their ideological divisions accept get then great that the exercise of their sovereignty has become near incommunicable," and "During a shutdown, the government, which is bound by elaborate mechanisms to the national will, becomes confused. For a moment, it seems every bit if the march of American history is at a standstill. In that location are merely two ways of moving forward: either government officials follow the volition of something other than the nation or the nation engages in a momentous reconciliation of its will."[28]

List of federal shutdowns [edit]

Overview of shutdowns involving furloughs
Shutdown Days Agencies
affected 		Employees
furloughed 		Cost to
government 		President Refs
1980 ane FTC only 1,600 $700,000 Carter [29] [thirty]
1981 i 241,000 $80–90 million Reagan [31]
1984 1 (approx. 4 hrs.) 500,000 $65 meg [31]
1986 1 (approx. iv hrs.) all 500,000 $62.2 million [31]
1990 3 all two,800 $2.57 million H.W. Bush [32]
Nov 1995 5 some 800,000 $400 million Clinton [10] [33]
1995–1996 21 some 284,000
2013 16 all 800,000 $2.1 billion Obama [34] [35]
Jan 2018 3 all 692,900 Trump [36]
2018–nineteen 35 some 380,000 $5 billion [37] [38]

This list includes only major funding gaps which led to actual employee furloughs within federal departments of the U.s.a. government. It does non include funding gaps that did not involve shutdowns of government departments, in which examples include: a cursory funding gap in 1982, in which nonessential workers were told to report to work but to cancel meetings and not perform their ordinary duties;[39] a iii-twenty-four hours funding gap in November 1983 that did non disrupt government services;[11] and a nine-hour funding gap in Feb 2018 that did not disrupt government services.[40] [41]

1980 [edit]

On one May 1980, during the Presidential term of Jimmy Carter, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was shut down for one day afterwards Congress failed to laissez passer an appropriations beak for the agency, due to differing opinions towards its oversight of the US economy. Prior to the shutdown, a review had been made of the 1884 Antideficiency Deed regarding Congressional approval of bureau funding, in which initial opinion on the subject had been that this did not crave a government agency to exist closed down in the wake of the expiration of their funding, earlier Chaser General Benjamin Civiletti overruled this opinion with his own on 25 April 1980, stating that a provision of this deed stipulated to the contrary.[29] 5 days later, the FTC was shutdown later on Congress delayed funding for the agency in social club to seek blessing for an authorization bill to limit the agency'southward investigative and rule-making abilities following criticism of the FTC's ambitious monitoring of the economic system.[42]

The 1980 shutdown was the outset time a federal bureau shut downwards due to a upkeep dispute,[43] with around 1,600 federal workers for the FTC existence furloughed as a issue,[29] [30] and Federal Marshals deployed to some FTC facilities to enforce their closure.[44] The shutdown ended after one solar day when Carter threatened to close down the entire Us government if Congress did not pass spending bills by 1 October later that year, with economists of the fourth dimension estimating that the ane-day shutdown of the FTC cost the government effectually $700,000, the bulk of which was towards back pay for the furloughed workers.[29] [30] In the aftermath of the shutdown, Civiletti issued a revised edition of his original stance on 18 January 1981, detailing that shutdowns would even so crave agencies that protect man rubber or property to continue operating if funding for them expired.[30]

1981, 1984, and 1986 [edit]

A recorded message used by the White House phone switchboard during the 1981 shutdown

In 1981, 1984, and 1986, thousands of federal employees were furloughed for a period of between 12 and 24 hours during both Presidential terms of Ronald Reagan. The deadlocks focused on disagreements past Reagan towards Congressional bills that went against his political behavior and goals. The first shutdown took place on 23 November 1981, lasting for a day and placing 241,000 federal employees into furlough,[31] later Reagan vetoed a proposed cribbing neb that contained a reduced set of spending cuts than he had proposed for select government departments.[45] While the shutdown afflicted only a number of regime departments,[46] economists of the time believed that it toll taxpayers an estimated $80–90 million in dorsum pay and other expenses over the entire day.[31]

The 2d shutdown occurred on the afternoon of 4 October 1984, with 500,000 federal employees placed on furlough during this menstruum, afterward Reagan mounted opposition towards the inclusion of a water projects bundle and a civil rights measure out within the proposed appropriations nib that day.[31] While the shutdown covered around nine of the 13 appropriations bills that had not been passed at that point, Congress was forced to remove both of the opposed elements of the bill and include funding of the Nicaraguan Contras as a compromise to finish the shutdown,[45] with economists assertive that the short period price taxpayers an estimated $65 million in backpay.[31]

The 3rd shutdown took place over a similar menses and furloughed the same number of federal employees on 17 October 1986. Economists estimated that this period cost the US authorities $62 million in lost work.[31] All government agencies were affected by this shutdown.[47]

1990 [edit]

The shutdown of 1990 occurred during the Presidential term of George H. W. Bush and focused on a disagreement over several measures he proposed for the 1991 appropriations pecker - the inclusion of major tax increases, despite Bush's campaign promise confronting any new taxes,[48] and major cuts in spending towards benefit programs, including Medicare, to combat deficit reduction. On 5 Oct 1990, liberal Democrats and bourgeois Republicans, led by then House Minority Whip Newt Gingrich, opposed the initial appropriations parcel,[49] [l] with Bush vetoing the second resolution to the spending neb the following 24-hour interval on six Oct.[51]

The shutdown lasted until ix October, when Bush agreed to remove his proposed tax increases and reduce the corporeality of spending cuts, in render for Congress providing a concession on the amended bill to allow for increasing income revenue enhancement on the wealthy.[51] The effects of the deadlock were lessened due to the fact that the shutdown occurred across the Columbus Solar day weekend - 6 October to 8 October. Simply two,800 workers were furloughed over this menstruum, with national parks and museums, such every bit the Smithsonian, being airtight, and a handful of departments unable to role, with the cost to the government for lost revenue and back wages being estimated to around $ii.57 million.[32]

1995–1996 [edit]

Between 1995 and 1996, the US government faced two shutdowns during the Presidential term of Bill Clinton, who opposed proposed cribbing bills for 1996 by congressional Republicans (who had a majority in both chambers) and House Speaker Newt Gingrich. Both Gingrich and the majority of Congress sought to pass bills that would reduce government spending, much against Clinton'due south political objectives for 1996. Clinton objected to funding cuts affecting education, the environment, and public health. Ane proposed bill threatened to block a scheduled reduction he had planned towards premiums within Medicare.[52] Both sides had differing opinions over the touch on the proposed House bills would accept over economic growth, medical inflation, and anticipated revenues,[53] with Clinton vetoing the bills over amendments added to them by congressional Republicans, despite Gingrich threatening to refuse to enhance the state's debt ceiling.[53]

The showtime shutdown took place on 14 November 1995, subsequently a CR issued on 1 Oct had expired, and meetings between Democrat and Republican leaders failed to terminate the deadlock.[53] The effect of the deadlock led to the majority of authorities departments existence closed downward and 800,000 federal workers being furloughed as a result. Although the shutdown ended five days later on 19 November,[ten] the political friction betwixt Clinton and Gingrich over the US budget remained unresolved, and on 16 December 1995, after further spending bills failed to secure approval, a 2nd shutdown took place. Although lasting 21 days, fewer departments were closed down, and around 284,000 federal workers were furloughed during this flow.[10] The shutdown was eventually ended on vi January 1996,[10] when White House and Congressional negotiators worked out a counterbalanced budget agreement, which included approval towards modest spending cuts and tax increases.

Both shutdowns had a contrasting impact on the major political players in the deadlock. Gingrich'south political career was negatively impacted by the shutdowns, in part due to a comment he fabricated during the deadlock that fabricated it sound like his reasons for it were piffling.[54] [55] Clinton'due south presidential term was positively improved by the shutdown and cited as part of the reason behind his successful re-ballot to the White Firm in 1996.[56]

Some effects of the shutdowns included the regime, tourism, and airline industry losing millions of dollars in acquirement during this period, with disruptions made towards the processing of passports and visas, and piece of work on medical research and toxic waste cleanup being halted.

2013 [edit]

The shutdown of 2013 occurred during the Presidential term of Barack Obama, focusing on a disagreement between Republican-led House of Representatives and the Democratic-led Senate towards the contents of the 2014 Standing Appropriations Resolution bill, alongside other political issues. Congressional Republicans, encouraged past conservative senators such equally Ted Cruz,[57] and conservative groups such as Heritage Action,[58] [59] [60] sought to include several measures to the bill in late 2013 that could delay funding for the 2013 Affordable Care Human activity (ACA) and thus allow time for changes to exist made to the deed. However, both Obama and Democratic senators refused to agree to these measures, seeking instead for the bill to maintain government funding at and then-current sequestration levels with no additional conditions.[61] [62] [63]

The shutdown took place on 1 October 2013, as a result of an impasse over the contents of the bill, with the House unable to approve any CRs before this date. Democrats opposed farther efforts by congressional Republicans, led by House Speaker John Boehner, to delay funding of the ACA, and rejected piecemeal Resolution bills proposed by them to resolve the shutdown.[64] [65] Equally Congress was at an impasse amongst rising concerns that the US would default on public debt, US senators - particularly then Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell and and so Senate Bulk Leader Harry Reid - negotiated a deal to terminate the deadlock. Their proposal, which won a Senate vote,[66] approved an amended Resolution nib that would continue funding at sequestration levels, temporarily append the debt limit until 7 February 2014, and include a concession to congressional Republicans on the ACA by applying stricter income verification rules in regards to wellness insurance. Boehner somewhen withdrew further objections and delaying attempts against the ACA upon the state being within hours of breaking its debt limit on 16 October 2013,[67] with Congress approving the pecker for Obama'southward signature the post-obit solar day.[68]

The 16-twenty-four hours shutdown had considerable bear on upon the Us: approximately 800,000 federal employees were put on furlough, while an additional 1.three 1000000 had to report to piece of work without any known payment dates during this period,[34] costing the government millions in back pay;[69] major government programmes concerning Native Americans,[70] [71] children,[72] and domestic violence victims,[73] alongside the legal processing of asylum and clearing cases,[74] [75] and sexual set on cases handled by the Office of Ceremonious Rights,[76] were badly disrupted by the shutdown; tourism was greatly impacted due to the closure of national parks and institutions during the shutdown and toll the government millions in lost revenue; and US economic growth was reduced during this catamenia. In political circles, the shutdown had a negative impact on Republicans, as over one-half of Americans held Republicans answerable for the deadlock, in comparison to public stance on the accountability of both the Democrats and Obama during this period.[77]

Jan 2018 [edit]

The shutdown of January 2018 was the first to occur during the Presidential term of Donald Trump and was centered around a disagreement on the upshot of immigration. Past the beginning of October 2017, Congress had failed to corroborate an appropriation neb to fund the United states of america regime in 2018, and instead passed iii CRs to continue federal agencies open up until xix January 2018. The failure to plant a permanent spending beak was due to Democratic senators insisting that whatever proposed House bill needed to include funding for the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) clearing policy and assurances against deportation for immigrants that brutal under the DREAM Act. Republicans refused to pass such bills, citing that discussions on clearing and those individuals under DACA would not be held until mid-March of the following year.[78] [79] A senate vote to extend the 2018 Continuing Appropriations Resolution on 19 January 2018, which had passed a congressional vote the previous day, failed to achieve a majority,[lxxx] after Democratic senators led a filibuster aimed at forcing Republicans to invoke a shorter elapsing of CR and thus invoke negotiations that could atomic number 82 to extensions of the DACA policy.[81] but failed to accomplish a bulk, as Democrats sought a shorter duration of CAR to force negotiations.

The shutdown took place on 20 January 2018, and led to approximately 692,000 federal workers being furloughed.[36] An attempt by Democrats to protect the payment of military personnel during the deadlock was rejected by Republicans, after Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell stated that funding had to be restored for the unabridged Usa government rather than for individual regime branches.[82] [83] Despite the bill's failure, both sides engaged in negotiations that eventually culminated with a deal on a proposed stopgap measure to fund the regime for four weeks - as part of the proposal, Democrats agreed to end their filibuster and corroborate the Republican's measure, in exchange for fresh talks on the DACA policy and DREAM Act within newly proposed Resolution bill. The mensurate was approved in the House and passed a Senate vote, effectively ending the shutdown on 23 Jan.[84]

The impact of the shutdown was not equally severe as in previous deadlocks - most government departments, such every bit the Section of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency, were able to proceed their functions during the iii-day deadlock despite their workers needing back-pay in the backwash,[85] and simply a tertiary of National Parks in the United States were closed down.[86] In the aftermath of the shutdown, the Senate debated on a bill for the 2018 Bipartisan Budget Act to provide ii-yr funding for the military, and provide an extension to the Resolution to go on the government funded for some other vi weeks. However, the negotiations suffered delays that triggered the cursory 9 February spending gap, though this only lasted for nine hours, causing niggling disruption.

Dec 2018–Jan 2019 [edit]

The shutdown of December 2018–January 2019 was the 2nd to occur during the Presidential term of Donald Trump, and was due to a disagreement over negotiations for Trump's wall forth the Mexico–United States edge. Trump sought to have the appropriation nib for 2019 include a funding measure on border security, providing $5.7 billion toward construction of the wall.[87] [88] Democrats refused to support the beak, citing that the funding would be a waste of taxpayer money and questioned the effectiveness the new wall would have, opting to propose bills that would include funding for border security, but towards improving pre-existing security measures. Trump initially backed down on demands for border wall funding, but reversed this decision on xx December 2018 over pressure from supporters, refusing to sign any CRs that did not include information technology.[89] [90]

The shutdown began on 22 December 2018, after Democrats refused to support a new CR in the Senate that included approximately $five billion for the new border wall,[91] [92] and continued to block farther attempts upon taking control of Congress on 3 January 2019 post-obit the 2018 mid-term elections. Although he had back up from several Republicans, including Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, Trump faced stiff opposition to border wall funding from House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, with neither party able to pause the political impasse through negotiations,[93] rallying public back up through televised addresses,[94] [95] offering proposals on alternative border security funding measures,[96] or making concessions for a proposed appropriation beak with regards to the DACA policy.[97] [98] The deadlock eventually ended on 25 January 2019, when both chambers of Congress approved a plan to reopen the United states government for 3 weeks, in social club to facilitate a period of negotiations to determine a suitable cribbing beak that both parties could concur upon, with Trump endorsing the deal amid ascent security and condom concerns.[99] [100] [101]

The 35-twenty-four hours shutdown, the longest in U.s. history after surpassing the 21-twenty-four hours shutdown of 1995–1996,[102] led to 380,000 federal workers being furloughed, and an additional 420,000 workers were required to work without any known payment dates during this menses, forcing many to detect other paid work or protest against the extended menses of the deadlock.[103] [104] The extent of the funding gap had further major impacts - sharp reductions had to be made on SNAP payments,[105] [106] and the Internal Revenue Service faced extensive delays on processing revenue enhancement refunds worth around $140 billion;[107] a lack of resources due to the funding gap impacted the work of several agencies, with the FBI facing major disruptions that risked compromising a number of investigations being conducted at the time;[107] [108] staff shortages in the Transportation Security Administration caused a number of airports to be closed down as a result; and economical growth was severely reduced past billions of dollars.[109] [110] [111] [112]

According to the Congressional Upkeep Office, the shutdown cost the regime $3 billion in back pay for furloughed workers, plus $2 billion in lost revenue enhancement revenues due to reduced revenue enhancement evasion compliance activities by the Internal Revenue Service, and a smaller corporeality of lost fees such as for visits to national parks, for a full of about $5 billion.[38]

State and territorial governments [edit]

Twelvemonth Start date Terminate appointment Total days Location References
1991 Jul one Jul 17 17 Maine [113]
1991 Jul one Aug 23 54 Connecticut [113]
1991 Jul 2 Aug iv 34 Pennsylvania [113]
1992 Jul 1 Sep 1 63 California [114]
2002 Jul i Jul three 3 Tennessee [113] [115]
2005 Jul i Jul nine 9 Minnesota [116]
2006 May 1 May 13 xiii Puerto Rico [117]
2006 Jul 1 Jul 8 8 New Jersey [118]
2007 October 1 Oct 1 1 (approx. 4hrs) Michigan [119]
2007 Jul 11 Jul 12 ane (approx. 6hrs) Pennsylvania [120] [121]
2009 Oct one Oct 1 1 (approx. 6hrs) Michigan [122]
2011 Jul ane Jul twenty 20 Minnesota

[113]

2015 Jul 1 Jul 6 6 Illinois [ commendation needed ]
2017 Jul 1 Jul 4 3 New Jersey [123] [124]
2017 Jul 1 Jul 4 four Maine [125]

County governments [edit]

Year Start date Finish appointment Full days Location References
2005 Feb seven Feb 7 1 Erie Canton, NY [126] [127] [128]

See also [edit]

  • Loss of supply
  • Budget crisis
  • Budget deficit
  • Cabinet crisis
  • Constitutional crisis
  • Gridlock (politics)
  • Fiscal policy
  • Generational accounting
  • Lockout

U.South. [edit]

  • Deficit hawk
  • Revenue enhancement in the United states
  • Financial policy in the United states of america
  • National debt by U.S. presidential terms
  • Starve the animate being
  • United States federal budget
  • United states of america public debt
  • Appropriations neb (U.s.)

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b The Odd Story of the Law That Dictates How Regime Shutdowns Work
  2. ^ Make government shutdowns impossible again - The Calendar week
  3. ^ Curry, Tom (September 29, 2013). "Chances of averting government shutdown appear slim". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  4. ^ Zaveri, Mihir; Gates, Guilbert; Zraick, Karen (January 9, 2019). "The Government Shutdown Was the Longest E'er. Here’south the History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Jan 26, 2019.
  5. ^ "Government to shut downwardly in fight over Trump's edge wall". Reuters. December 22, 2018. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
  6. ^ Matthews, Dylan (January 19, 2018). "Government shutdown 2018: All 18 previous government shutdowns, explained". Vox.
  7. ^ Walshe, Shushannah (October 17, 2013). "The Costs of the Authorities Shutdown". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
  8. ^ Wearden, Graeme (September 30, 2013). "US Shutdown: A Guide for Non-Americans – The American Government Has Begun Shutting Its Not-Essential Services. Why? And What Will It Mean?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on Oct six, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
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  11. ^ a b Tollestrup, Jessica (Oct 11, 2013). "Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview". Congressional Inquiry Service. p. 4. Archived from the original on January 9, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  12. ^ Zurcher, Anthony (October one, 2013). "US Shutdown Has Other Nations Dislocated and Concerned". BBC News. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved October iv, 2013.
  13. ^ Liberto, Jennifer (September 25, 2013). "Federal workers: Hand over BlackBerry during shutdown". CNNMoney.com. CNN. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  14. ^ a b c Economist, The (October 5, 2013). "Closed until further notice". The Economist. Archived from the original on August 4, 2014. Retrieved Baronial ane, 2014.
  15. ^ Randstad USA. "U.Southward. Worker Confidence Level Weakens Amongst Government Shutdown". world wide web.randstadusa.com. Randstad The states. Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
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  17. ^ "Rand Paul rightly says the regime shutdown was more expensive than keeping it open". @politifact. Archived from the original on January 21, 2018. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
  18. ^ Coggan, Philip (October 21, 2013). "Chief Street's Revenge". The Economist. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
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External links [edit]

  • Congressional Enquiry Service: Shutdown of the Federal Authorities: Causes, Processes, and Furnishings

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_shutdowns_in_the_United_States

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